30 years of Title IX, I bring you ... [long]

[IdgIe49]

A week of Women's sports :) (My intent of this thread is not to talk about title ix; specifically whether or not it is a bad thing or a good thing. My intent is to show the progression and accomplishments of women In sport.)

Title IX Legislative Chronology (http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/cgi-bin/iowa/issues/history/article.html?record=875)

"In 2002 we celebrate thirty years of Title IX. Many people are unaware of the legislative activity brought about by this law. Here we outline the history of Title IX from its inception in 1972 to the present.

June 23, 1972
Title IX of the Education Amendments is enacted by Congress and is signed into law by Richard Nixon. The sponsors of Title IX are Birch Bayh (Senate) and Edith Green (House of Representatives). Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity receiving any type of federal financial aid.

May 20, 1974
Senator Tower proposes the “Tower Amendment,” which would exempt revenue-producing sports from determinations of Title IX compliance. The amendment is rejected.

July 1974
In the spirit of Senator Tower’s failed amendment, Senator Javits submits an amendment directing HEW to issue regulations that provide for "reasonable provisions considering the nature of particular sports” (e.g., event-management needs, etc.) that clarifies that event and uniform expenditures on sports with larger crowds or more expensive equipment do not have to be matched in sports without similar needs.

May 27, 1975
President Ford signs the Title IX athletics regulations and submits them for congressional review (pursuant to Section 431(d)(1) of the General Education Provisions Act).

June 1975
Rep. O’Hara introduces House Bill 8394, which proposes that sports revenues first be used to offset the cost of that sport, and only then to support other sports. The proposed change would effectively alter Title IX’s coverage in athletics. This bill dies in committee before reaching the House floor.

July 21, 1975
Congress reviews and approves Title IX regulations and rejects the following resolutions advanced to disapprove the athletics regulations:

June 4, 1975: Title IX was presented to Congress in its present form

June 5, 1975, and June 17, 1975: Senator Helms (S. Con. Res. 46) and Rep. Martin (H. Con. Res. 310) condemn Title IX in its entirety

June 17, 1975: Rep. Martin (H. Con. Res. 311) disapproves of Title IX only as it pertains to intercollegiate athletics

July 16, 1975: Sens. Laxalt, Curtis and Fannin (S. Con. Res. 52) disapprove of the application of Title IX to intercollegiate athletics

July 21, 1975: Sen. Helms introduces S. 2146 in an attempt to prohibit the application of Title IX regulations to athletics in situations in which participation in those athletic activities are not a required part of the institution’s curriculum (Sen. Helms re-introduced S. 2146 as S. 535 in 1977). Title IX federal regulations are issued in the area of athletics. High schools and colleges are given three years, and elementary schools one year, to comply.

February 17, 1976
NCAA challenges the legality of Title IX.

July 15, 1977
Senators Tower, Bartlett, and Hruska introduce Senate Bill (S. 2106), proposing to exclude revenue-producing sports from Title IX coverage. The bill dies in committee before reaching the Senate floor.

1978
HEW issues proposed policy “Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics” for notice and comment.

July 21, 1978
Deadline for high schools and colleges to comply with Title IX athletics requirements.

December 11, 1979
HEW issues final policy interpretation on “Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics.” Rather than relying exclusively on a presumption of compliance standard, the final policy focuses on each institution’s obligation to provide equal opportunity and details the factors to be considered in assessing actual compliance (Participation requirements are currently referred to as the "3-Prong-Test").

1980
Department of Education is established and given oversight of Title IX through the Office for Civil Rights (OCR).

February 28, 1984
Grove City v. Bell limits the scope of Title IX, effectively taking away coverage of athletics except for athletic scholarships. The Supreme Court concludes that Title IX only applies to specific programs (i.e. Office of Student Financial Aid) that receive federal funds. Under this interpretation, athletic departments are not necessarily covered.

March 22, 1988
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 is enacted into law over the veto of President Ronald Reagan. This act reverses Grove City, restoring Title IX’s institution-wide coverage. If any program or activity in an educational institution receives federal funds, all of the institution's programs and activities must comply with Title IX.

September 6, 1988
Haffer v. Temple University Title IX athletics lawsuit won by plaintiff female athletes gives new direction to athletic departments regarding their budgets, scholarships, and participation rates of male and female athletes.

April 2, 1990
Valerie M. Bonnette and Lamar Daniel author A Title IX Athletics Investigator’s Manual, issued by the Office for Civil Rights.

February 26, 1992
In Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, the Supreme Court rules that monetary damages are available under Title IX. Previously, only injunctive relief was available (i.e., the institution would be enjoined from discriminating in the future).

1992
Shortly after the Franklin decision, the NCAA completes and publishes a landmark Gender-Equity Study of its member institutions.

1994
Sen. Mosley-Braun (S. 1468) and Rep. Collins (H.R. 921) sponsor the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA), requiring that any co-educational institution of higher education that participates in any federal student financial aid program and that sponsors an intercollegiate athletics program must disclose certain information concerning its intercollegiate athletics program. Under the EADA, annual reports are required.

January 16, 1996
OCR issues a clarification of the three-part “Effective Accommodation Test” that reiterates the requirements of the policy interpretation that institutions may choose any one of three independent tests to demonstrate that they are effectively accommodating the participation needs of the underrepresented gender.

October 1, 1996
All institutions of higher education must make available, to all who inquire, specific information on their intercollegiate athletics department, as required by the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act.

November 21, 1996
A federal appeals court upholds a lower court’s ruling in Cohen v. Brown University, holding that Brown University illegally discriminated against female athletes. Brown argues that it did not violate Title IX because women are less interested in sports than men. Both the district court and the court of appeals rejects Brown’s argument. Many of the arguments offered by Brown are similar to those relied upon by colleges and universities all over the country.

June 23, 1997
Twenty-fifth anniversary of the passage of Title IX.

February 20, 2001
The Supreme Court issues a decision in Brentwood v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, holding that a high school athletic association is a "state actor" and thus subject to the Constitution. This means, for example, that the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment applies to athletic associations in gender equity suits.

December 17, 2001
Communities for Equity v. Michigan High School Athletic Association is decided, holding a state athletic association liable under Title IX, the Equal Protection Clause, and Michigan state law for discriminating against girls by forcing six girls’ sports, but no boys’ sports, teams to compete in nontraditional and/or disadvantageous seasons."

[IdgIe49]

Significant Events in Women's Sports History Post-Title IX History (http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/cgi-bin/iowa/issues/history/article.html?record=51)
Sun 15-Oct-2000

1. Fifty million television viewers watch Billie Jean King defeat Bobby Riggs in the "Challenge of the Sexes" tennis match. (1973)

2. The Association for Intercollegiate athletics for Women adopts legislation to permit the first college scholarships for women athletes. Today American women receive more than $180 million dollars each year in college athletic scholarships. (1973)

3. The U.S. Open is the first tennis tournament to offer equal prize money to men and women ($25,000). (1973)

4. The Women's Sports Foundation is established by Billie Jean King, its founder, Donna de Varona, a founding member and first president, and other champion female athletes to become a collective voice for women and girls in sport. (May 4,1974)

5. The first women's professional football league begins with a seven-team, 10-game schedule. Each player earns $25 a game. (1974)

6. Reporter Robin Herman is one of the first women to enter a male player's dressing room. The players, in this case, are not notified in advance. As a result of this event, the wives of the New York Rangers ask their husbands to petition to bar women from the players' locker room and the team members comply. (1975)

[Red Dog]

The only thing I have to say is that Title IX sucks. I don't think that the drafters of this initiative envisioned how most schools would comply.

[IdgIe49]

7. Karen Stead is the first girl to win a world championship at the All-American Soap Box Derby. (August 8, 1975)

8. The first women's rowing and basketball competitions take place in the Olympic Games. (1976)

9. Nadia Comaneci scores the first perfect 10 in Olympic gymnastics competition. (1976)

10. Janet Guthrie becomes the first woman driver in the Indianapolis 500. She goes on to complete the race three times. (May 29, 1977)

11. Judicial decision allows female sportswriters equal access to male athletes' locker rooms in the U.S. (September 25, 1978)

12. The Amateur Sports Act passes prohibiting gender discrimination in open amateur sport in the U.S. (1978).

[das Monkey]

Originally posted by IdgIe49
1. Fifty million television viewers watch Billie Jean King defeat Bobby Riggs in the "Challenge of the Sexes" tennis match. (1973)

I heard tell that man from Mount Pilot once rassled a dern_pig.

Oh, the great Bobby Riggs. Who? Bobby Riggs. Drunk Bobby Riggs. Pill-popping Bobby Riggs. Overweight and out-of-shape spokeman for "Sugar Daddy" Bobby Riggs. 55 year-old Bobby Riggs. Were it not for those "Challenge of the Sexes" circuses, the world would not remember Bobby Riggs.

Ya know, I'm all for equity amongst the sexes when it comes to opportunity and support for athletics. Hell, I think the women's tennis game is much more entertaining than the men's and always have. But let's not glorify what really happened in that farcical promotion. It's bad enough that history remembers Billie Jean King as a woman to begin with. :)

das

P.S. I'm pretty much in agreement with <B>Red Dog</B>. Women should have the same opportunities as men, but Title IX isn't so wonderful as many would like to believe.

[IdgIe49]

13. UCLA's Ann Meyers is signed by the Indiana Pacers men's professional basketball team to try out at a free-agent camp. (1979)

14. Hundreds of American women are denied the opportunity to participate in the Olympic Games when the United States decides to boycott the Moscow Games. (1980)

15. At the national Pitch, Hit and Run Championships, 11-year-old Crystal Fields defeats seven boys in the nine to 12-year-old age group to become the first girl to win the title. (1981)

16. The Supreme Court upholds that Title IX does cover employees (coaches, etc.) as well as students. (1982)

17. 1,779,972 girls participate in high school sports. (1984)

18. The power of Title IX is limited by the Supreme Court's ruling in Grove City v. Bell. (1984)

[suziq999]

Originally posted by Red Dog
The only thing I have to say is that Title IX sucks. I don't think that the drafters of this initiative envisioned how most schools would comply.

Yea equal opportunity and equal pay suck.

[das Monkey]

Originally posted by suziq999
Yea equal opportunity and equal pay suck.

Actually, not reading entire arguments and oversimplifying them into superficial mockery sucks.

das

[Red Dog]

Originally posted by suziq999


Yea equal opportunity and equal pay suck.


That is not why I don't like it. Do a little research and find out how most schools have gone about complying with it. Or go here:

http://www.dvdtalk.com/forum/showthread.php?s=&threadid=215886

[suziq999]

Originally posted by das Monkey


Actually, not reading entire arguments and oversimplifying them into superficial mockery sucks.

das
He wrote 2 sentences!?!

Nobody knows how things will actually work out when legislation is *drafted* , its based on an idea and doing the right thing. Just like the constitution of the US, they didn't know *exactly* how it would work, just that it was the right thing to do.

edited for spelling

[suziq999]

People's arguments over Title 9 is that men's football generates the money, so why don't men's sports get to keep it? I have a very hard time buying that argument strictly because a university is *not* a business.

ok i need some coffee I can't spell today.

[Red Dog]

Originally posted by suziq999

Nobody knows how things will actually work out when legislation is *drafted* , its based on an idea and doing the right thing. Just like the constitution of the US, they didn't know *exactly* how it would work, just that it was the right thing to do.



Do you seriously believe this. Do you want legislators to just blindly correct perceived wrongs w/o regard to possible consequences? I for one hope that a legislator takes some time to predict the consequences of proposed legislation before voting either way on it.

As I said in the other thread, it did not take a genius to see where this would lead. Schools have a fixed athletic budget. Under Title IX, you can therefore do one of two things (or a combination of such) to achieve equality. One - increase the number of women sports slots. Two - decrease the number of mens sports slots. Almost every school has taken the second route. Taking the first route means you have to put more money into athletics and that means increasing tuition.

Again, good intentions. Very bad results.

[Y2K Falcon]

Originally posted by suziq999
People's arguments over Title 9 is that men's football generates the money, so why don't men's sports get to keep it.

Not quite my argument. I have seen way too many schools around here forced to pack in their more viable men's baseball team that would get 500-1,000 fans per game attending at home and many more when they went on the road to places like UT and A&M for non-conference games to be able to keep the women's softball team or tennis team that only 50 folks would watch. I just don't get why that has to happen...

[Red Dog]

Originally posted by suziq999
People's arguments over Title 9 is that men's football generates the money, so why don't men's sports get to keep it? I have a very hard time buying that argument strictly because a university is *not* a business.

ok i need some coffee I can't spell today.


That's certainly not my argument but I ask you this. How many women's sports would there be at large state institutions if there were no such thing as college football?

[suziq999]

Originally posted by Red Dog



That's certainly not my argument but I ask you this. How many women's sports would there be at large state institutions if there were no such thing as college football?

rhetorical question: how many college football teams would there be without money from female college students?


I see your point from a financial stand point, but again, my understanding of what a public university stands for is not about rewarding those things which make money. Its an ethical standpoint.

[Red Dog]

Originally posted by suziq999


rhetorical question: how many college football teams would there be without money from female college students?


I see your point from a financial stand point, but again, my understanding of what a public university stands for is not about rewarding those things which make money. Its an ethical standpoint.


Programs such as Alabama, Notre Dame, and Penn State could certainly survive without female tuition. Those programs could support themselves based on attendance and television revenue.

[das Monkey]

Originally posted by suziq999
He wrote 2 sentences!?!

One of them was "I don't think that the drafters of this initiative envisioned how most schools would comply" which had nothing to do with your retort. He's right. The way schools comply with Title IX almost negates its effectiveness, and in many cases it does more harm to female athletes than good. But it looks good and is a rallying cry for people who don't want to work hard to solve America's difficult problems (like how to improve equity amongst the sexes and races), so it stands tall and is supported.

In any case, the arguments against Title IX are far less superficial than the "if men's sports generate money, men's sports should keep it." It's about the smaller men's programs that get squeezed out and the legitimate women's programs that get screwed out of money. It's about faking equity so it looks good on paper and screwing the people who really need the support. Women need equal opportunities, and changes need to be made to facilitate this, but Title IX has proved quite ineffective in numerous applications.

das

[Y2K Falcon]

Originally posted by suziq999
my understanding of what a public university stands for is not about rewarding those things which make money. Its an ethical standpoint.

So, forcing a school to cancel the men's baseball team so that women have the opportunity to play softball is the correct thing to legislate from an ethical standpoint?

[das Monkey]

Originally posted by Y2K Falcon
So, forcing a school to cancel the men's baseball team so that women have the opportunity to play softball is the correct thing to legislate from an ethical standpoint?

It depends. How many people on the team are white?

das

[IdgIe49]

19. Joan Benoit Samuelson wins the gold medal in the first official Olympic women's marathon. (1984)

20. The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,100-mile, 18-day trek from Anchorage to Nome, Alaska, is captured for the first time by a woman, Libby Riddles. (1985)

21. After 55 grueling days, explorer Ann Bancroft reaches the North Pole by dogsled, becoming the first woman to do so. (May 1, 1986)

22. The first woman to play on an all-male professional basketball team, Lynette Woodard, scores seven points in her debut with the Harlem Globetrotters. (November 11, 1986)

23. During this year, Jackie Joyner-Kersee is the only female athlete to be featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated (aside from the swimsuit edition). (1987)

24. The Civil Rights Restoration Act passes -- puts the "teeth" back in Title IX. (1988)

[Red Dog]

25. The National Women's Law Center on Tuesday released a list of 30 colleges (including Red Dog's alma mater) it says fail to give female athletes a fair share of athletic scholarship dollars as required by Title IX. In response, Red Dog's alma mater decides to eliminate Men's Wrestling to comply with Title IX. This despite the fact that wrestling is probably their one program that enjoys success at a national level. (2002)

[IdgIe49]

Thanks Red Dog, but you've already mentioned that. Try again. :)

[weargle]

Originally posted by Red Dog

Under Title IX, you can therefore do one of two things (or a combination of such) to achieve equality. One - increase the number of women sports slots. Two - decrease the number of mens sports slots.

I've got an idea: why don't you let the softball roster (for example) include 50 players? That should free up some space for the men, because there are spots there for the women. You could do this and try to recruit walk-ons. Simply because the spots aren't filled doesn't preclude the men's spots from filling up.

Yes, the above is an overexaggeration, but you could also add 4-5 or so extra slots to each women's sport so that you don't have to slash and burn men's athletics.

[Y2K Falcon]

Originally posted by IdgIe49
Thanks Red Dog, but you've already mentioned that. Try again. :)

Well, besides the 30 he mentions, there are 140 other collegiate wrestling programs that have been eliminated in the last 30 years. This at the same time that "the national high school federation reported 358 new high school wrestling programs added across the country. " - National Wrestling Coaches Association Executive Director Mike Moyer, June 19, 2002
http://dynamic.espn.go.com/espn/chat/chatESPN?event_id=1951

Interesting result for an act supposed to eliminate discrimination in athletics based on gender.

While nearly three-quarters of America's institutions, particularly the smaller and wealthier schools, increased female athletic opportunities by adding teams such as lacrosse, golf and crew, the balance did it by subtracting men's teams. The total of defunct men's programs -- after wrestling, tennis, gymnastics, golf and track have been hardest hit -- tops 400. Many blame Title IX.

George Will, for one, called Title IX a "policy train wreck" in a Newsweek column last month:

"Title IX, as adumbrated by ideology-besotted Education Department regulation writers, has produced this lunacy: Colleges have killed more than 400 athletic teams in order to produce precise proportionality between men's and women's enrollments and men's and women's rates of participation in athletics. If participation in sports must mirror the sexual composition of the student body, why not participation in the engineering department? And why not in extracurricular activities other than sports - debating, orchestra, choir, cheerleading?"
http://espn.go.com/gen/womenandsports/020619title9.html

Side Note: Wrestling, gymnastics, and track represent the highest medal counts of the Summer Olympics.

[IdgIe49]

25a. Judith Davidson is named Athletic Director for Central Connecticut State University becoming the only woman A.D. at a Division I school, in charge of all sports including men's football and basketball. (1988)

26. Blind swimmer Tricia Zorn becomes the first athlete, male or female, to win 12 gold medals in a Paralympics competition. (1988)

27. The first girl to play in the Little League World Series, Victoria Brucker, does double duty at first base and as a pitcher and she bats clean-up for her team. (1989)

28. Jodi Haller becomes the first woman to pitch in a college baseball game as a member of Pennsylvania's St. Vincent College team. (1990)

29. Judith Sweet becomes the first woman president of the NCAA. (1991)

30. The U.S. women's soccer team wins the first-ever Women's World Cup. (1991)

[IdgIe49]

31. The Supreme Court rules that monetary damages are available under Title IX in the Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public School case. (1992)

32. Jackie Joyner-Kersee becomes the first woman to win the heptathlon in consecutive Olympic Games. (1992)

33. Julie Krone becomes the first woman to win a triple-crown horse race when she wins the Belmont Stakes. (1993)
34. The Colorado Silver Bullets, the first women's professional baseball team to play in men's minor league baseball, play their first game. (1994)

35. Kendra Wecker, the first girl to compete in the national finals of the NFL Punt, Pass and Kick program, finishes second in the 12-year-old class, passing the football 130 feet, punting it 76'6", and placekicking it 94'7". (January 8, 1995)

36. America3, the first all-women's team, competes in the America's Cup Race. They defeat perennial winner Dennis Connor in the first race of round one by 69 seconds. The crew, sailing "the Mighty Mary" is one of only three teams that makes it to the final round, eventually losing to Team Dennis Connor after taking a four-minute lead in the final race. (1995)

37. A record number of women competed in the 1996 Olympic Games - close to 1,000 more than in any previous Games - 3,684 women (34%) and 7,059 men (66%). Only the sports of boxing, modern pentathlon, weightlifting and wrestling remain male-only. The number of women has doubled in the past 12 years. (1996)

38. Soccer and Softball make their debuts in the Olympic Games. The U.S. women dominate the team competitions by winning the gold medals in basketball, gymnastics, soccer, softball and synchronized swimming.(1996)

39. Robin Roberts becomes the first woman to anchor a network NFL studio show. (1996)

40. In 1996-97, high school girls had their highest-ever sports participation rate of 2,472,043. (1997)

41. Basketball is high school girls' most popular sport, followed by outdoor track and field, volleyball and fast-pitch softball. Over 16,000 high schools (out of a total of 20,000) have girls' basketball teams (1997).

42. The American Basketball League begins play in 1996. This is the fourth attempt at a women's professional basketball league in the U.S. By 1997, the Women's National Basketball Association is formed and there are two leagues operating simultaneously. (1997)

43. The NBA hires its first female referees, Dee Kantner and Violet Palmer. (1997)

44. Women's ice hockey makes its Olympic debut in Nagano, Japan. The U.S. team wins the first gold medal. (1998)

45. When the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) first began in 1950, the top purse was $15,000. In 1992, the average purse was $532,500, and in 1997, that number grew to $701,512. Total purses have grown from $21.3 million in 1992 (40 events) to $30.3 million in 1997(43 events). (1998)

46. Susie Maroney broke the world record for the longest non-stop open-water swim by swimming 129 miles from Isla Mujeres, Mexico, to Las Tombas, Cuba.(1998)

47. The U.S. women’s soccer team won the World Cup over China 1-0 in a shootout in front of more than 90,000 fans, an American television audience estimated at 40 million, and a worldwide television audience of one billion. (1999)

48. Cynthia Harrold became the first girl to wrestle in the Michigan state championships (103 lb., Division III).(1999)

49. The Women’s Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Knoxville, Tennessee, opened.(1999)

50. The LPGA celebrated its 50th anniversary (2000)

51. In Sydney, women competed for the first time in the same number of team sports as men. Additional sports for women include modern pentathlon, taekwondo, triathlon and weightlifting. Two more teams have been added to the handball and field hockey competitions. Trampoline and women's water polo have been added as additional disciplines and cycling (500-meter track), shooting (ball trap and skeet) and synchronized swimming (duo) have been added as events (2000).

52. Venus Williams became the second African-American woman to win Wimbledon. Althea Gibson was the first in 1957 and 1958. Venus and her sister Serena also won the doubles. (2000)

53. On April 14, 2001 the Women’s United Soccer Association held it’s first game.

54. Ashley Martin became the first woman to play and score in a Division I football game, kicking three extra points in three tries for Jacksonville State against Cumberland.(2001)

55. The inaugural Women’s Amateur World Boxing Championships were held in Scranton, PA. The event drew more than 150 competitors from 35 nations.(2001)

56. The U.S. Women’s Polo League debuted in Palm Beach FL with a match between the Atlanta Fireballs and the Palm Beach Rubyspots.(2001)

[Y2K Falcon]

57. "Katie was a girl, and not only was she a girl, she was terrible. There's no other way to say it." - Gary Barnett (February 2004)

-ohbfrank-